Lecture 21

E12 Linear Physical Systems Analysis

Author

Prof. Emad Masroor

Published

April 7, 2026

Midterm Grades

  • Exam with solutions is now posted on class website.

Frequency response of second-order systems

Explore the frequency response of a second-order system

\[ \begin{aligned} m \ddot{x} + b \dot{x} + k x &= A \sin \omega t \\ \implies x(t) &= B \sin (\omega t + \phi) \end{aligned} \]

  • Apply a periodic input force manually.
  • Increase/decrease the mass
  • Glue masses together to prevent ‘play’ between masses
  • Explore how \(B\) and \(\phi\) are affected by:
    • High A vs low A
    • High \(\omega\) vs low \(\omega\).